August 2002 - Philippine Supreme Court Decisions/Resolutions
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G.R. No. 138756 August 1, 2002 - PHIL. AMUSEMENT AND GAMING CORP. v. RAFAEL M. SALAS:
FIRST DIVISION
[G.R. No. 138756. August 1, 2002.]
PHILIPPINE AMUSEMENT AND GAMING CORPORATION, Petitioner, v. RAFAEL M. SALAS, Respondent.
D E C I S I O N
AUSTRIA-MARTINEZ, J.:
In Civil Service Commission and PAGCOR v. Rafael M. Salas, 1 we affirmed the decision dated September 14, 1995, issued by the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 38319, 2 which ruled that herein respondent Rafael M. Salas, not being a confidential employee, cannot be dismissed on ground of loss of confidence. Consequently, petitioner Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) was ordered to reinstate respondent with full back wages, but without prejudice to the filing of administrative charges against him if warranted. 3
Now before the Court is a petition for review filed by the Office of the Solicitor General, in behalf of petitioner PAGCOR, seeking to annul the following:clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
(1) Resolution dated November 9, 1998, upholding respondent’s entitlement to back wages regardless of the outcome of the administrative case against him; 4
(2) Resolution dated February 16, 1999, denying petitioner’s Motion for Reconsideration dated December 1, 1998; 5 and
(3) Resolution dated May 13, 1999, denying petitioner’s Motion for Reconsideration dated February 26, 1999. 6
all issued by the Court of Appeals in the said CA-G.R. SP No. 38319.
The facts are as follows:clubjuris
Respondent Rafael M. Salas was employed as petitioner’s Internal Security Staff (ISS) member and assigned to the casino at the Manila Pavilion Hotel. On December 3, 1991, petitioner’s Board of Directors terminated respondent from employment for loss of confidence because he engaged in proxy betting. He appealed to the Chairman and the Board of Directors, requesting reinvestigation of the case, but was denied. Respondent appealed to the Merit and System Protection Board (MPSB), but it was denied on the ground that being a confidential employee, he was not dismissed from service but his term of office merely expired. On appeal to the Civil Service Commission (CSC), the MPSB’s decision was affirmed per Resolution No. 92-1283.clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Respondent filed with this Court a petition for certiorari, docketed as G.R. No. 107586, which we referred to the Court of Appeals. 7 The appellate court set aside the CSC resolution in its decision, dated September 14, 1995, ruling that petitioner could be removed only for cause and after due process. The dispositive portion of said decision reads:ClubJuris
"WHEREFORE, the petition for certiorari is GRANTED. The assailed Resolution No. 92-1283 of the respondent Civil Service Commission is REVERSED and SET ASIDE, and a new one entered DIRECTING the respondent PAGCOR to reinstate the petitioner to his position in the Internal Security Staff with full payment of back wages for the period he was separated from the service until his reinstatement, without prejudice to the filing of administrative charges against him if warranted.
"SO ORDERED." 8 (Emphasis supplied)
On petition for review (docketed as G.R. No. 123708) with this Court, we affirmed the decision of the appellate court per our Decision dated June 19, 1997 which became final and executory on August 25, 1997. 9 Respondent filed a motion for execution with the CSC requesting his reinstatement with full back wages.clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Pending resolution of his motion by the CSC, PAGCOR effected respondent’s reinstatement on November 3, 1997, 10 but imposed on him a 90-day preventive suspension pending investigation of the administrative complaint, docketed as Admin. Case No. 1-1-98, for "grave misconduct, dishonesty, violation of company rules and regulations, and conduct grossly prejudicial to the best interests of the service", PAGCOR filed against him.
In the meantime, the CSC ruled that the proper authority to issue the writ of execution is this Court. Accordingly, respondent filed a Motion for Clarification with us, praying that a resolution be issued clarifying whether or not he is entitled to payment of full back wages from the time of his separation up to his reinstatement on November 3, 1997. 11
A Resolution was then issued by this Court ordering the remand of the records of the case to the CSC, through the Court of Appeals, for it to conduct such hearing as may be necessary for the issuance of the writ. Respondent then filed another motion for execution with the CSC. However, before his motion can be resolved, petitioner rendered a resolution in Admin. Case No. 1-1-98 ordering respondent’s dismissal from service. The dispositive portion of said Resolution reads:clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
"In view of all the foregoing, the Adjudication Committee is recommending, as it hereby recommends, to the Board of Directors of PAGCOR, that the dismissal of respondent RAFAEL SALAS from the service be confirmed, said dismissal to retroact to the date of the commission of the offense. By virtue of respondent’s serious misdeeds as established in this case, the respondent is no longer entitled to backwages from June 1991 to February 1998. This is in consonance with the following well-established legal principles; one, that no equitable or legal basis exists for the payment of backwages as the respondent was not exonerated of the charges against him, and two, that he did not render any work for the period stipulated. (Emphasis ours)
"Respectfully submitted." 12 (Emphasis ours)
The recommendation was approved by the Board of Directors in its meeting held on February 17, 1998. 13 Respondent’s motion for reconsideration was denied. He appealed to the CSC on March 25, 1998. On even date, respondent received a copy of the CSC’s resolution of his motion for execution, which reads in part:ClubJuris
". . . The Commission believes that Administrative Case No. 1-1-98 filed by PAGCOR against Salas is not an obstacle to the implementation of the decision of the Court of Appeals, as affirmed by the Supreme Court, unless said case has already been decided by PAGCOR and the decision is not in Salas’ favor." 14
On October 1, 1998, the CSC dismissed respondent’s appeal, hence, the latter filed a petition for review with the Court of Appeals, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 49704, which was denied for being insufficient in form and substance. The appellate court likewise denied PAGCOR’s motion for reconsideration.
Meanwhile, the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 38319, resolving our referral of respondent’s motion for clarification, issued the first assailed Resolution dated November 9, 1998, portions of which read:ClubJuris
"The Civil Service Law and Rules provide that no officer or employee in the Civil Service shall be removed or suspended except for cause as provided by law and after due process. (Pls. see Sec. 36, P.D. 807 and Sec. 1, Rule XIV of the Omnibus Rules Implementing the Civil Service Law.)
"The filing of an administrative case against the petitioner is the requisite ‘due process’ which must precede his removal if warranted. The phrase ‘after due process’ is an indication that any removal or dismissal may be made only prospectively and not retrospectively. Hence, if sufficient cause is found against the petitioner for his dismissal or removal from the service, the same cannot retroact to a date before the filing of an administrative case against him.
"In view thereof, we believe and so hold that the petitioner is entitled to backwages before the effectivity of his dismissal — even granting that the same might be upheld with finality.
"Let the parties be guided accordingly.
"SO ORDERED." 15 (Emphasis ours)
Petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration but it was denied by the appellate court per the second assailed Resolution dated February 16, 1999 for having been filed out of time. 16
Petitioner then filed a motion for reconsideration of the Resolution dated February 16, 1999, explaining that the tardiness in the filing of the previous motion was due to "some confusion." The motion was denied by the appellate court per the third assailed Resolution dated May 13, 1999. 17
Hence, herein petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, anchored on the following grounds:clubjuris
"THE COURT OF APPEALS DECIDED A QUESTION OF SUBSTANCE IN A WAY NOT IN ACCORD WITH LAW AND APPLICABLE DECISIONS OF THIS HONORABLE COURT;
"THE COURT OF APPEALS DEPARTED FROM THE ACCEPTED AND USUAL COURSE OF JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS AS TO CALL FOR AN EXERCISE OF THIS HONORABLE COURT’S POWER OF SUPERVISION, BECAUSE:ClubJuris
"A. THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN HOLDING THAT RESPONDENT RAFAEL SALAS IS ENTITLED TO THE PAYMENT OF BACKWAGES BEFORE THE EFFECTIVITY OF HIS DISMISSAL REGARDLESS OF THE FINAL OUTCOME OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE CASE AGAINST HIM.
"B. THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN DISMISSING PETITIONER PAGCOR’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION WHICH RAISES VALID AND MERITORIOUS GROUNDS DUE TO TECHNICALITY OF DELAY THAT AROSE OUT OF GOOD FAITH AND HONEST MISTAKE." 18
Petitioner insists that the appellate court’s decision ordering respondent’s reinstatement with backwages but "without prejudice to the filing of administrative charges against him if warranted," connotes that respondent is not entitled anymore to his backwages because he was subsequently found to be guilty of the administrative charges against him 19; that the appellate court’s resolution holding that respondent should be given his backwages regardless of the outcome of the administrative case against him contravenes the principle that backwages are allowed if an employee is found innocent of the charges 20; and that the appellate court should not have applied technical rules of procedure in dismissing its motion for reconsideration as the delay in the filing was due to an honest mistake. 21
The petition is bereft of merit.clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
It is already a settled rule that back wages may be granted to those who have been illegally dismissed and consequently ordered reinstated, or to those acquitted of the charge against them. 22
As earlier stated, respondent was found to have been illegally dismissed by petitioner in Civil Service Commission and PAGCOR v. Rafael M. Salas, 23 wherein we ruled that respondent, not being a confidential employee of petitioner, can only be removed for cause and after due process. Hence, for all legal intents and purposes, the first dismissal effected by petitioner had no legal force and effect, and respondent’s tenure of office was never interrupted. 24 As held in Del Castillo v. Civil Service Commission:ClubJuris
"When an official or employee was illegally dismissed and his reinstatement has later been ordered, for all legal purposes he is considered as not having left his office. Therefore, he is entitled to all the rights and privileges that accrue to him by virtue of the office he held. (Tañada v. Legaspi, 13 SCRA 566 [1965]).
"Back salaries may be ordered paid to said officer or employee (City Mayor of Zamboanga v. Court of Appeals, 182 SCRA 785 [1990])."25:red
Respondent’s subsequent finding of guilt in Admin. Case No. 1-1-98 bears no consequence as said case is distinct and separate from the first charge. It must be noted that the first charge was founded on proxy betting, an entirely different ground as those involved in Admin. Case No. 1-1-98, 26 although both cases were based on the same set of facts. Also, unlike in the cases cited by petitioner, the proceedings in Admin. Case No. 1-1-98 is not a continuation or a part of the proceedings in the first charge. In fact, after respondent was held to have been illegally dismissed in Civil Service Commission and PAGCOR v. Rafael M. Salas, it was as if he was not dismissed from service at all, and Admin. Case No. 1-1-98 is deemed to be his first charge. Prior thereto, he is considered to have been in petitioner’s continuous service, and entitled to all the rights and privileges his position enjoys. This is but the natural consequence of the Court’s finding of illegal dismissal.clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
The Court agrees with the appellate court that the subsequent dismissal cannot retroact to a date prior to the filing of an administrative case against Respondent. As aptly stated by the appellate court:ClubJuris
"The filing of an administrative case against the petitioner is the requisite ‘due process’ which must precede his removal if warranted. The phrase ‘after due process’ is an indication that any removal or dismissal may be made only prospectively and not retrospectively; Hence, if sufficient cause is found against the petitioner for his dismissal or removal from the service, the same cannot retroact to a date before the filing of an administrative case against him." 27
Having been illegally dismissed, respondent, therefore, is entitled to back wages from the time he was illegally dismissed from service on December 3, 1991 until his reinstatement on November 3, 1997, but not to exceed five years pursuant to the pronouncement of this Court in a long line of cases. 28
WHEREFORE, the instant petition for review on certiorari is hereby DENIED for lack of merit and the Resolutions dated November 9, 1998, February 16, 1999 and May 13, 1999 issued in CA-G.R. SP No. 38319 are AFFIRMED.
No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Vitug, Kapunan and Ynares-Santiago, JJ., concur.
Now before the Court is a petition for review filed by the Office of the Solicitor General, in behalf of petitioner PAGCOR, seeking to annul the following:clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
(1) Resolution dated November 9, 1998, upholding respondent’s entitlement to back wages regardless of the outcome of the administrative case against him; 4
(2) Resolution dated February 16, 1999, denying petitioner’s Motion for Reconsideration dated December 1, 1998; 5 and
(3) Resolution dated May 13, 1999, denying petitioner’s Motion for Reconsideration dated February 26, 1999. 6
all issued by the Court of Appeals in the said CA-G.R. SP No. 38319.
The facts are as follows:clubjuris
Respondent Rafael M. Salas was employed as petitioner’s Internal Security Staff (ISS) member and assigned to the casino at the Manila Pavilion Hotel. On December 3, 1991, petitioner’s Board of Directors terminated respondent from employment for loss of confidence because he engaged in proxy betting. He appealed to the Chairman and the Board of Directors, requesting reinvestigation of the case, but was denied. Respondent appealed to the Merit and System Protection Board (MPSB), but it was denied on the ground that being a confidential employee, he was not dismissed from service but his term of office merely expired. On appeal to the Civil Service Commission (CSC), the MPSB’s decision was affirmed per Resolution No. 92-1283.clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Respondent filed with this Court a petition for certiorari, docketed as G.R. No. 107586, which we referred to the Court of Appeals. 7 The appellate court set aside the CSC resolution in its decision, dated September 14, 1995, ruling that petitioner could be removed only for cause and after due process. The dispositive portion of said decision reads:ClubJuris
"WHEREFORE, the petition for certiorari is GRANTED. The assailed Resolution No. 92-1283 of the respondent Civil Service Commission is REVERSED and SET ASIDE, and a new one entered DIRECTING the respondent PAGCOR to reinstate the petitioner to his position in the Internal Security Staff with full payment of back wages for the period he was separated from the service until his reinstatement, without prejudice to the filing of administrative charges against him if warranted.
"SO ORDERED." 8 (Emphasis supplied)
On petition for review (docketed as G.R. No. 123708) with this Court, we affirmed the decision of the appellate court per our Decision dated June 19, 1997 which became final and executory on August 25, 1997. 9 Respondent filed a motion for execution with the CSC requesting his reinstatement with full back wages.clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
Pending resolution of his motion by the CSC, PAGCOR effected respondent’s reinstatement on November 3, 1997, 10 but imposed on him a 90-day preventive suspension pending investigation of the administrative complaint, docketed as Admin. Case No. 1-1-98, for "grave misconduct, dishonesty, violation of company rules and regulations, and conduct grossly prejudicial to the best interests of the service", PAGCOR filed against him.
In the meantime, the CSC ruled that the proper authority to issue the writ of execution is this Court. Accordingly, respondent filed a Motion for Clarification with us, praying that a resolution be issued clarifying whether or not he is entitled to payment of full back wages from the time of his separation up to his reinstatement on November 3, 1997. 11
A Resolution was then issued by this Court ordering the remand of the records of the case to the CSC, through the Court of Appeals, for it to conduct such hearing as may be necessary for the issuance of the writ. Respondent then filed another motion for execution with the CSC. However, before his motion can be resolved, petitioner rendered a resolution in Admin. Case No. 1-1-98 ordering respondent’s dismissal from service. The dispositive portion of said Resolution reads:clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
"In view of all the foregoing, the Adjudication Committee is recommending, as it hereby recommends, to the Board of Directors of PAGCOR, that the dismissal of respondent RAFAEL SALAS from the service be confirmed, said dismissal to retroact to the date of the commission of the offense. By virtue of respondent’s serious misdeeds as established in this case, the respondent is no longer entitled to backwages from June 1991 to February 1998. This is in consonance with the following well-established legal principles; one, that no equitable or legal basis exists for the payment of backwages as the respondent was not exonerated of the charges against him, and two, that he did not render any work for the period stipulated. (Emphasis ours)
"Respectfully submitted." 12 (Emphasis ours)
The recommendation was approved by the Board of Directors in its meeting held on February 17, 1998. 13 Respondent’s motion for reconsideration was denied. He appealed to the CSC on March 25, 1998. On even date, respondent received a copy of the CSC’s resolution of his motion for execution, which reads in part:ClubJuris
". . . The Commission believes that Administrative Case No. 1-1-98 filed by PAGCOR against Salas is not an obstacle to the implementation of the decision of the Court of Appeals, as affirmed by the Supreme Court, unless said case has already been decided by PAGCOR and the decision is not in Salas’ favor." 14
On October 1, 1998, the CSC dismissed respondent’s appeal, hence, the latter filed a petition for review with the Court of Appeals, docketed as CA-G.R. SP No. 49704, which was denied for being insufficient in form and substance. The appellate court likewise denied PAGCOR’s motion for reconsideration.
Meanwhile, the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 38319, resolving our referral of respondent’s motion for clarification, issued the first assailed Resolution dated November 9, 1998, portions of which read:ClubJuris
"The Civil Service Law and Rules provide that no officer or employee in the Civil Service shall be removed or suspended except for cause as provided by law and after due process. (Pls. see Sec. 36, P.D. 807 and Sec. 1, Rule XIV of the Omnibus Rules Implementing the Civil Service Law.)
"The filing of an administrative case against the petitioner is the requisite ‘due process’ which must precede his removal if warranted. The phrase ‘after due process’ is an indication that any removal or dismissal may be made only prospectively and not retrospectively. Hence, if sufficient cause is found against the petitioner for his dismissal or removal from the service, the same cannot retroact to a date before the filing of an administrative case against him.
"In view thereof, we believe and so hold that the petitioner is entitled to backwages before the effectivity of his dismissal — even granting that the same might be upheld with finality.
"Let the parties be guided accordingly.
"SO ORDERED." 15 (Emphasis ours)
Petitioner filed a motion for reconsideration but it was denied by the appellate court per the second assailed Resolution dated February 16, 1999 for having been filed out of time. 16
Petitioner then filed a motion for reconsideration of the Resolution dated February 16, 1999, explaining that the tardiness in the filing of the previous motion was due to "some confusion." The motion was denied by the appellate court per the third assailed Resolution dated May 13, 1999. 17
Hence, herein petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court, anchored on the following grounds:clubjuris
"I
"THE COURT OF APPEALS DECIDED A QUESTION OF SUBSTANCE IN A WAY NOT IN ACCORD WITH LAW AND APPLICABLE DECISIONS OF THIS HONORABLE COURT;
"II
"THE COURT OF APPEALS DEPARTED FROM THE ACCEPTED AND USUAL COURSE OF JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS AS TO CALL FOR AN EXERCISE OF THIS HONORABLE COURT’S POWER OF SUPERVISION, BECAUSE:ClubJuris
"A. THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN HOLDING THAT RESPONDENT RAFAEL SALAS IS ENTITLED TO THE PAYMENT OF BACKWAGES BEFORE THE EFFECTIVITY OF HIS DISMISSAL REGARDLESS OF THE FINAL OUTCOME OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE CASE AGAINST HIM.
"B. THE COURT OF APPEALS ERRED IN DISMISSING PETITIONER PAGCOR’S MOTION FOR RECONSIDERATION WHICH RAISES VALID AND MERITORIOUS GROUNDS DUE TO TECHNICALITY OF DELAY THAT AROSE OUT OF GOOD FAITH AND HONEST MISTAKE." 18
Petitioner insists that the appellate court’s decision ordering respondent’s reinstatement with backwages but "without prejudice to the filing of administrative charges against him if warranted," connotes that respondent is not entitled anymore to his backwages because he was subsequently found to be guilty of the administrative charges against him 19; that the appellate court’s resolution holding that respondent should be given his backwages regardless of the outcome of the administrative case against him contravenes the principle that backwages are allowed if an employee is found innocent of the charges 20; and that the appellate court should not have applied technical rules of procedure in dismissing its motion for reconsideration as the delay in the filing was due to an honest mistake. 21
The petition is bereft of merit.clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
It is already a settled rule that back wages may be granted to those who have been illegally dismissed and consequently ordered reinstated, or to those acquitted of the charge against them. 22
As earlier stated, respondent was found to have been illegally dismissed by petitioner in Civil Service Commission and PAGCOR v. Rafael M. Salas, 23 wherein we ruled that respondent, not being a confidential employee of petitioner, can only be removed for cause and after due process. Hence, for all legal intents and purposes, the first dismissal effected by petitioner had no legal force and effect, and respondent’s tenure of office was never interrupted. 24 As held in Del Castillo v. Civil Service Commission:ClubJuris
"When an official or employee was illegally dismissed and his reinstatement has later been ordered, for all legal purposes he is considered as not having left his office. Therefore, he is entitled to all the rights and privileges that accrue to him by virtue of the office he held. (Tañada v. Legaspi, 13 SCRA 566 [1965]).
"Back salaries may be ordered paid to said officer or employee (City Mayor of Zamboanga v. Court of Appeals, 182 SCRA 785 [1990])."25:red
Respondent’s subsequent finding of guilt in Admin. Case No. 1-1-98 bears no consequence as said case is distinct and separate from the first charge. It must be noted that the first charge was founded on proxy betting, an entirely different ground as those involved in Admin. Case No. 1-1-98, 26 although both cases were based on the same set of facts. Also, unlike in the cases cited by petitioner, the proceedings in Admin. Case No. 1-1-98 is not a continuation or a part of the proceedings in the first charge. In fact, after respondent was held to have been illegally dismissed in Civil Service Commission and PAGCOR v. Rafael M. Salas, it was as if he was not dismissed from service at all, and Admin. Case No. 1-1-98 is deemed to be his first charge. Prior thereto, he is considered to have been in petitioner’s continuous service, and entitled to all the rights and privileges his position enjoys. This is but the natural consequence of the Court’s finding of illegal dismissal.clubjuris virtua1 1aw 1ibrary
The Court agrees with the appellate court that the subsequent dismissal cannot retroact to a date prior to the filing of an administrative case against Respondent. As aptly stated by the appellate court:ClubJuris
"The filing of an administrative case against the petitioner is the requisite ‘due process’ which must precede his removal if warranted. The phrase ‘after due process’ is an indication that any removal or dismissal may be made only prospectively and not retrospectively; Hence, if sufficient cause is found against the petitioner for his dismissal or removal from the service, the same cannot retroact to a date before the filing of an administrative case against him." 27
Having been illegally dismissed, respondent, therefore, is entitled to back wages from the time he was illegally dismissed from service on December 3, 1991 until his reinstatement on November 3, 1997, but not to exceed five years pursuant to the pronouncement of this Court in a long line of cases. 28
WHEREFORE, the instant petition for review on certiorari is hereby DENIED for lack of merit and the Resolutions dated November 9, 1998, February 16, 1999 and May 13, 1999 issued in CA-G.R. SP No. 38319 are AFFIRMED.
No costs.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., Vitug, Kapunan and Ynares-Santiago, JJ., concur.
Endnotes:
1. 274 SCRA 414 [1997].
2. Entitled, "Rafael M. Salas, Petitioner, v. Civil Service Commission, Et Al., Respondents." clubjuris
3. Rollo, p. 208.
4. Id., pp. 21-22.
5. Id., p. 23.
6. Id., pp. 3-4.
7. Resolution dated August 5, 1995, rollo of G.R. No. 107586, p. 148.
8. CA rollo, p. 155.
9. Id., p. 216.
10. Id., p. 21; CA rollo, p. 233.
11. CA rollo, p. 219.
12. Rollo, p. 41.
13. Id., p. 41.
14. CA rollo, p. 230.
15. Rollo, p. 22
16. Id., p. 287.
17. Id., p. 296.
18. Rollo, p. 9.
19. Id., p. 10.
20. Ibid., citing Bangalisan v. Court of Appeals, 276 SCRA 619.
21. Id., pp. 11-13.
22. Jacinto v. Court of Appeals, 281 SCRA 657, 680 [1997].
23. See Note No. 1.
24. Rosete v. Court of Appeals, 264 SCRA 147, 160 [1996], citing Tañada v. Legaspi, 13 SCRA 566 [1965].
25. 278 SCRA 209, 214 [1997], citing De Guzman v. Civil Service Commission, 231 SCRA 169 [1994].
26. For Grave Misconduct, Dishonesty, Violation of Company Rules and Regulations, and Conduct Grossly Prejudicial to the Best Interests of the Service.
27. Rollo in CA-G.R. SP No. 38319, p. 240.
28. Cristobal v. Melchor, 78 SCRA 175; Gementiza v. Court of Appeals, 113 SCRA 477; Ginzon v. Municipality of Murcia, 158 SCRA 1; Laganapan v. Asedillo, 154 SCRA 377; San Luis v. Court of Appeals, 174 SCRA 258; Tan, Jr. v. Office of the President, 229 SCRA 677; Bangalisan v. Court of Appeals, 276 SCRA 619; Jacinto v. Court of Appeals, 281 SCRA 657; Gloria v. Court of Appeals, 306 SCRA 287; and Caniete v. Secretary of Education, Culture and Sports, 333 SCRA 849.